.    . 

bli.    Lu.abe.3r 
sn.  .::o. 


.    1918 


/Ti-j=i « -  -viaiu  .Library 


HOUS 
ARMfi 


Engineering   Bureau 

NATIONAL  LUMBER, 

MANUFACTURERS  ASSOCIATION 

•  Chicago  • 


For   Information  on  the  Different 

SPECIES  OF  WOOD 

Write  the   Following  Associations ; 


California     Redwood     Association 
San     Francisco,     Cal. 

Red'vood 

California    White    and    Sugar    Pine 

Association 
San    Francisco,    Cal. 

Sugar  Pine,   California   White  Pine 

Georgia-Florida   Saw   Mill   Association 
Jacksonville,    Florida 

Yellow   Pine 


Hardwood    Mfrs.    Association    of    the 
United    States 

Cincinnati,    Ohio 

Ash,    Basswood,    Beech,    Buckeye,    But- 
ternut,    Cherry,     Chestnut,     Cotton- 
wood,      Elm,      Gum,      Hickory, 
Maple,  Oak,   Poplar,   Syca-' 
more,    Tupelo,    Walnut 


Michigan   Hardwood   Manufacturers 

Association 
Cadillac,   Mich. 

Ash,    Basswood,    Beech,    Birch,    Elm, 
Hemlock,    Maple 


North   Carolina    Pine    Association 
Norfolk,    Va. 

North    Carolina    Pine 


Northern      Hemlock      and      Hardwood 

Manufacturers  Association 

Oshkosh,    Wis. 

Ash,    Basswood,    Birch,    Elm,    Hemlock, 

Alaple,    Tamarack,     ll'liite    Cedar, 
Beech 

Northern     Pine     Manufacturers 

Association 
Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Norwa\     Pine,     Spruce,     Tamarack, 
White    Pine 

Southern    Cypress    Manufacturers 

Association 

New   Orleans,   La.   and 

Jacksonville,    Fla. 

Cypress,    Tupelo 

Southern      Pine     Association 
New  Orleans,   La. 

Southern    I'ine 

West    Coast    Lumbermen's 

Association 
Seattle,   Wash.,    and   Portland,    Ore. 

Donylas  I'ir,  Hemlock,  Spruce,   Western 
Red    Cedar 

Western    Forestry     and    Conservation 

Association 
Portland,    Ore. 

Western  Pine  Manufacturers 

Association 
Portland,    Ore. 

Idaho      White     Pine,      II' extern      White 

Pine,    Larch,    Red    Fir,    W hit e    Fir. 

Cedar,    Spruce 


FAR 
HELP 


BY 

R.  S.  WHITING 

i l 

Architectural  Engineer 
CHICAGO 


PUBLISHED  BY 
ENGINEERING  BUREAU 

National  Lumber  Manufacturers  Association 
CHICAGO 

OCTOBER,  1918 


GENERAL  SERIES  No.  76, 


.  Main  Li 


VV5 


A  Farm  Cottage  at  Egypt,  Massachusetts. 


Coolidge  &  Carlson,  Architects. 


FARM  BULLETIN  No.  8.  OCTOBER,  1918 


Housing  Farm  Help 

By  R.  S.  WHITING, 

Architectural  Engineer. 

Good  The   American    farm    home   has   been    neglected    during 

Housing  past  years  of  industrial  progress.     The  American  farmer 

Necessary.  realizes  that  home  improvements  are  necessary  to  make 

life  worth  while,  not  only  for  himself  and  his  family,  but 
for  those  in  his  employ.  If  food  will  be  a  large  factor  in  winning  the 
war,  it  will  be  necessary  to  give  as  careful  consideration  to  the  housing 
of  farm  laborers  as  it  has  been  to  the  housing  of  shipbuilding  or  munition 
workers. 

Farm  and  The  relation  of  the  industrial  worker  to  his  employer  is 

Industrial  far  different  from  that  of  the  farm  hand  to  the  farmer, 

Workers.  consequently  the  methods  of  supplying  living  needs  and 

comforts  to  the  latter  must  be  considered  from  an  entirely 
different  angle.  The  industrial  worker  rarely  if  ever  comes  in  personal 
contact  with  those  by  whom  he  is  employed  and  is  left  more  or  less  upon 
his  own  resources  as  far  as  home  accommodations  and  living  are  con- 
cerned, except  perhaps  for  some  opportunities  which  may  be  offered 
him  for  housing  his  family,  if  he  has  one,  on  a  rental  or  purchase  basis 
commensurate  with  his  earnings. 

Proper  The  farm  hand,  whether  he  be  married  or  single,  perma- 

Environment.  nent  or  employed  merely  during  harvest  season,  is  de- 
pendent largely  upon  the  living  conditions  and  atmos- 
phere created  by  the  farmer  himself.  This  does  not  mean  that  enter- 
tainment such  as  is  found  in  the  towns  shall  be  provided,  but  attractive, 
practical  living  accommodations.  Farm  hands  appreciate  quarters 
where  they  may  be  comfortable  during  leisure  hours  or  in  times  of 
forced  idleness  and  where  they  may  enjoy  some  measure  of  privacy  and 
independence. 

Changed  With  college   education   for  children,    automobiles,    and 

Conditions.  greater  familiarity  with  the  conveniences  of  city  life,  the 
farmer  has  learned  the  difference  between  living  and 
existing.  These  changed  conditions  from  the  old  days  are  apparent 
to  the  farm  hands  as  well  as  to  the  farmer  himself,  and  unless  the  former 
are  permitted  to  enjoy  them  in  some  degree  they  become  restless  and 
uneasy,  thereby  reducing  their  permanency,  efficiency,  and  value  to 
the  farm. 

Attract  The  war  has  taken  the  majority  of  unmarried  men  so 

Married  Men.  that  the  farmer  must  depend  largely  upon  married  men, 
most  of  whom  however  make  more  capable  and  depend- 
able workers.  To  attract  this  type  of  men,  especially  if  they  have  fam- 
ilies, suitable  living  accommodations  must  be  furnished  them.  Make  a 
home  for  these  people  with  proper  surroundings — a  strip  of  land  on 
which  to  garden  and  raise  chickens — and  you  are  doing  a  service  not 

Three 


HOUSING 


By  Permission  C.  M.  &  St  P.  R.  R. 
These  Homes  Show  the  Progress  of  Housing  on  the  Farm. 

1.  Primitive  Sod  House  at  Rhome,  South  Dakota. 

2.  Indian  Type,  "The  Pioneer",  at  Webster,  South  Dakota. 

3  Aberdeen,  South  Dakota,  Farm  Showing  Additions  Made  at  Various  Periods  to  Increase 
Housing  Facilities.  Beautiful  Farm  Homes  with  Modern  Conveniences  Are  Now  Taking 
the  Place  of  These. 


Four 


FARM  HELP 


Coolidge  &  Carlson,  Architects,  Boston,  Mass, 
Cottage  at  "Dreamwold,"  Farm  of  Thomas  W.  Lawson,  Egypt,  Massachusetts. 


only  for  them  and  yourself,  but  to  your  country.  A  man  of  family  will 
not  accept  permanent  employment  where  he  cannot  have  his  family 
with  him.  In  providing  adequate  housing  for  farm  hands  has  been 
developed  a  problem  second  only  to  the  industrial  housing  operations 
now  going  forward  under  the  Government. 

Farmers  of  War,  travel  and  adventure  tend  to  make  men  restless, 
the  Future.  so  all  the  more  need  of  having  real  living  quarters  for 
the  single  men  upon  their  return  from  Europe.  Have  a 
three-room  bungalow  for  the  boy  and  his  "Buddy,"  a  place  by  them- 
selves, in  which  to  hang  up  a  few  "Boche"  helmets  and  give  vent  to  a 
bit  of  trench  lingo  without  shocking  some  prim  farm  Miss.  We  know 
that  the  best  miners  in  the  copper  and  coal  regions  are  children  of 
miners,  why  not  look  to  the  next  generation  of  farmers  with  this  thought 
in  mind  and  develop  in  them  an  interest  in  the  farm. 

Make  Farming  The  farm  must  be  reincarnated  and  farm  life  made  at- 
Worth  While,  tractive  and  well  advertised.  Before  this  can  be  honestly 
done,  there  must  be  something  real  and  of  interest  to 
attract  and  advertise  beside  the  fresh  air,  landscape  and  other  beauties 
of  nature.  Prevailing  higher  wages  naturally  stimulate  interest,  but  with 

Five 


HOUSING 


Otis  &  Clark,  Architects,  Chicago,  Illinois. 
Farm  Cottage,  Estate  of  E.  I.  Cudahy,  Lake  Forest,  Illinois. 

them  comes  the  thought  of  their  added  purchasing  power  creating  de- 
sires that,  unless  realized  on  the  farm,  will  be  sought  elsewhere. 

Home  Man's      If  the  desire  for  a  home  is  not  by  nature  uppermost  in 
Desire.  man's  mind,    every   effort   should   be   made   to   instill   it 

there  by  an  invitation  to  walk  in  and  hang  up  his  hat  in 
a  homelike  house.  Mr.  Farmer,  sit  down  behind  your  comfortable 
screened-in-porch  in  the  cool  of  the  evening  and  ask  your  good  wife 
about  this.  You  know  what  her  answer  will  be. 


Proper  The  house  is  the  home  and  the  oft  repeated  saying,   "Two 

Living  families  cannot  live  under  the  same  roof,"  seldom  fails  of 

Quarters.  exception.  The  desirability  of  privacy  in  one's  own  home 
should  apply  to  those  in  his  employ.  It  is  hardly  to  be 
expected  that  all  the  modern  improvements  and  labor  saving  devices 
usually  found  in  a  well-to-do  farmer's  house  will  be  furnished  the  worker, 
but  the  main  essentials  to  proper  living  accommodations  are  necessary. 
A  farm  hand  with  a  family  should  be  furnished  at  least  a  five  room  cot- 
tage including  cellar  which  should  be  located  within  sight  of  the  main 
farm  buildings.  Farm  help  should  be  permitted  as  much  independence 
and  privacy  as  any  other  type  of  citizen. 

Six 


FARM  HELP 


(To)  Z'-io"  *7-o- Dull*  Vct/ng- 

Qj/\    2'./g">  7'.o- 

Q2)  z:+">T-o' 
@  *••»'•  7--Q- 
(ft  *-*•<-*  * 

Reproduced  in  Part  from  Drawing  Prepared  by  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division  of  Rural  Engineering, 

Washington,  D.  C. 

This  One  Story  Farm  House  is  Designed  to  Meet  Conditions  Prevailing  in  Southern  States. 

Cellar  Excavated  only  under  Kitchen  Addition  and  Bath'Room,  Contains  Heater,  Fuel  Bin,  Ash 
Pit  and  Storage  Room. 


Seven 


HOUSING 


Otis  &  Clark,  Architects,  Chicago,  Illinois  ' 
Plain,  yet  Attractive  and  Inexpensive  House  for  Farm  Help. 

Married  Man's    The  ground  floor  of  a  house  of  this  kind  might  contain 
Cottage.  a  parlor,    dining   room   and   kitchen   with   pantry,    cab- 

inet and  other  accommodations.  Oftentimes  the  farm- 
er's wife  prefers  her  bedroom  on  the  ground  floor  and  in  this  case  the 
kitchen  in  which  she  spends  much  of  her  time,  should  be  made  larger 
and  be  used  also  as  a  dining  room,  thus  permitting  three  rooms  on  the 
ground  floor. 

Overcrowding      If  there  are  children  in  the  family,  as  is  usually  the  case 
Unsanitary.  with  farmers,  provide  one  bed  room  for  the  boys  and 

one  for  the  girls.  It  is  a  mistake  to  permit  of  crowding 
in  any  dwelling  for  not  only  sanitary  but  moral  reasons,  and  by  separating 
the  children  at  an  early  age,  refinement  and  respect  for  sex  may  be 
encouraged. 

Quarters  Accommodations  for  single  men  may  be  furnished  with 

for  the  or  without  kitchen  accommodations,   but  the  better  ar- 

Single  Man.  rangement  is  to  give  them  separate  living  quarters  and 
board  them  either  in  a  general  dining  room,  at  the  farm 
superintendent's,  or  in  the  main  farm  house.  Such  arrangements  are 
entirely  satisfactory,  but  the  sleeping  quarters  of  the  help  should  be 
separated  from  those  of  the  family  and  be  given  a  separate  entrance. 

Eight 


FARM  HELP 


First  Floor  Plan  of  House  on  Opposite  Page.     The  Second  Story  Contains  Two 
Bed  Rooms,  Bath  Room  and  Storage  Room. 


Bungalow       The  one  story  or  bungalow  type  seems  best  fitted  for  hous- 
Type.  ing  the  single  farm  hand  on  large  farms.      This  type  may 

contain  two,  three  or  four  bedrooms,  a  common  living  room, 
porch,  wash  room  and  the  units  increased  as  may  be  required.  The 
porch  should  be  screened  in  warm  weather  and  may  also  be  used  for 
additional  sleeping  space.  The  wash  room  should  be  equipped  with 
lavatory,  bowl  and  shower,  and  have  a  floor  arranged  to  drain.  Where 
there  is  one  or  a  group  of  such  bungalows,  some  arrangement  for  feed- 
ing the  men  should  be  made  in  a  common  dining  room.  Dormitories  are 
in  use  in  many  places. 

Nine 


HOUSING 


Reproduced  by  Permission  of  Agricultural  Engineering  Section,  Iowa  Experiment  Station,  Ames,  Iowa. 

First  Floor  Plan.     Eight  Room  Cottage. 


Ten 


FARM  HELP 


Reproduced  by  Permission  Agricultural  Engineering  Section,  Iowa  Experiment  Station,  Ames,  Iowa. 
Second  Floor  Plan.      Eight  Room  Cottage. 


Eleven 


HOUSING 


Heat  The  bed  rooms  may  be  of  minimum  regulation  size  (eighty 

Necessary.  square  feet  per  person),  or  larger  as  may  suit  the  expendi- 
ture but  otherwise  follow  the  general  provisions  specified  in 
the  "Government  Standards"  for  housing.  If  in  a  warm  climate,  a  chim- 
ney should  be  provided  even  when  cooking  is  not  done,  to  accommodate 
a  small  stove  to  be  centrally  located,  the  heat  from  which  should  be 
ample  to  warm  the  bed  rooms  and  keep  the  plumbing  from  freezing. 


One  Story  Five-Room  Cottage  for  Housing  Four  Single  Men.     May  Be  Adapted 
to  Three  Rooms  by  Omitting  Either  Wing. 


Single 


Men  s 


If  a  house  including  cooking  equipment  is  required  to  accom- 
modate single  men,  a  simple  arrangement  is  indicated  on 

Bungalow.  page  thirteen.  This  plan  shows  a  larger  "Living  Room" 
with  fireplace  which  is  the  best  sort  of  ventilator.  If  the 

kitchen  is  not  required  it  may  be  converted  easily  into  a  third  bed  room. 

The  "Living  Room"  is  enclosed  by  casement  sash  and  screens  and  will 

also  afford  additional  sleeping  space  if  required. 

Twelve 


FARM  HELP 

Farm  House      The  farmer  who  maintains  but  one,  two  or  three  perma- 
Quarters.  nent  farm  hands  may  accommodate  them  easily  by  ar- 

ranging quarters  in  the  main  farm  house,  over  the  gar- 
age, or  in  some  other  similar  building,  but  even  to  this  condition  there 
should  be  given  some  thought.  If  the  men  are  to  room  in  the  house, 
they  should  be  given  a  separate  entrance  with  wash  room  through  which 
to  pass  to  their  rooms,  and  if  possible  a  common  room  with  home  privi- 
leges in  which  they  are  always  welcome. 


One  Story  Cottage  for  Farm  Help. 


Advantages        Wood  adapts  itself  to  this  type  of  construction  as  it  does 
of  Wood  to   other  farm   structures  because   of  its  universal   avail- 

Construction,  ability,  economy  in  construction  and  low1  cost.  More 
attractive  and  serviceable  houses  can  be  designed  by 
using  wood  which  meets  with  more  of  the  requirements  of  the  farmer 
than  any  other  known  building  material.  The  farmer  is  usually  sup- 
plied with  the  necessary  tools  and  work  bench  with  which  to  work  rough 
lumber  into  finished  sizes  and  shapes.  What  he  does  not  possess  as  a 
usual  thing  is  the  necessary  designs  to  fit  his  particular  needs  and  as 
stock  plans  and  blueprints  do  not  always  supply  these  needs,  we  believe 
the  basic  ideas  represented  here  will  greatly  aid  in  assisting  him  to  for- 
mulate his  own  plans. 

Thirteen 


HOUSING 


Farm  Superintendent's  House.     This  Design  Has  Accomodations  for  Superintendent's 
Family  and  Several  Additional  Workers. 


The  detail  plans  of  a  house  may  be  furnished  by  most 
any  modern  lumber  yard  and  advice  as  to  the  selec- 
tion of  material  best  suited  for  any  particular  purpose 
Good  architects  are  rarely  accessible  to  the  average 
farmer  who  has,  therefore,  become  more  or  less  dependent  upon  the 
services  of  the  lumber  merchants  who  are  always  ready,  willing  and 
able  to  furnish  whatever  information  is  required  by  the  farmer  for  a 
building  operation. 


Lumberman's 
"Service." 

in   a  building. 


Government         Many  of  the  Government  Standards  for  War  Housing 
Standards.  formulated  by  a  committee  appointed  by  the  Depart- 

ment of  Labor  to  apply  to  construction  contemplated  by 
the  Labor  Department's  housing  appropriations,  and  similar  appropria- 
tions of  the  United  States  Shipping  Board,  will  apply  to  the  housing  of 
farm  help. 

The  following  are  quotations  in  part  from  the  Government  Stand- 
ards which  are  not,  however,  intended  as  inflexible  requirements.  Local 
building  codes,  housing  laws  and  similar  ordinances  are  to  be  followed 
except  where  they  permit  lower  standards  than  these  provisions  set  forth. 
The  provisions  apply  to  these  types  of  houses: 

Fourteen 


FARM  HELP 


«t2'-0" 


Second  Floor  Plan  of  House  Shown  on  Opposite  Page.     Particular  Attention 
is  Called  to  Economical  Arrangement  of  Rooms. 


Single  family  house. 

Two  family  house. 

Single  family  house  with  rooms  for  lodgers  or  boarders. 

Houses  for  single  farm  help. 

"Basements.     No  living  quarters  to  be  in  basements." 

"Closets.  Every  bed  room  to  have  a  clothes  closet,  opening  from 
the  room.  Built-in  wardrobe  dressers  will  not  be  accepted.  Normally 
such  closets  to  be  not  less  than  22  inches  deep  and  with  door.  Closets 
to  be  supplied  with  rods  to  take  coat  hangers." 

"Cooking.  Gas  preferred,  but  flue  for  coal  stove  to  be  provided, 
all  flues  to  be  lined.  The  question  of  whether  or  not  cook  stoves  are 
to  be  provided  with  the  house  to  be  considered  at  the  time  materials 
are  being  ordered." 

"Furniture  Space.  Beds  to  be  indicated  to  scale  on  plans  (double 
beds,  5  feet  by  6  feet  6  inches;  single  beds,  3  feet  by  6  feet  6  inches). 
Location  of  beds  not  to  interfere  with  windows  or  doors.  It  is  recom- 
mended that  beds  be  free  standing  and  not  located  in  a  corner  or  with 
the  side  against  a  wall.  Space  to  be  provided  for  two  pieces  of  furni- 
ture in  addition  to  bed." 

Fifteen 


HOUSING 


House  for  Farm  Help  at  "Dreamwold."  Farm  of  ThomasW.  La  wson,  Egypt,  Massachusetts. 


"Lighting.      Electricity  preferred." 

"Plumbing.  House  drain  under  house  and  5  feet  outside  to  be 
extra  heavy  cast  iron.  It  is  recommended  that  soil  and  waste  pipes  be 
extra  heavy  cast  iron  or  genuine  wrought  iron.  Soil  and  waste  pipes 
to  be  extended  through  roof.  A  3-inch  soil  stack  preferred  where  not 
more  than  two  water  closets  are  placed  on  one  stack." 

"Roof  Air  Space.  In  every  house  there  shall  be  a  minimum  clear 
air  space  of  8  inches  between  the  ceiling  and  the  roof,  this  space  to  be 
provided  with  adequate  waterproof  openings  for  ventilation,  at  both 
ends  if  practicable." 

"Rooms,  Number  of.     Bath  rooms  are  not  to  be  counted  as  rooms." 

"Stairs.  Risers  to  be  not  more  than  8  inches  high  and  treads  to 
be  not  less  than  9  inches  wide.  Not  more  than  two  winders  will  be 
allowed  in  series.  Treads  must  measure  at  least  9  inches  wide,  1 8 
inches  from  rails." 

"Ventilation.  Every  room  to  have  at  least  one  window  opening 
directly  to  the  outer  air.  Two  windows  in  each  room  generally  pre- 
ferred; one  window  sufficient  in  small  bedrooms.  Each  room  to  have 
a  window  area  of  not  less  than  12  square  feet." 

Sixteen 


FARM  HELP 


Farm  Superintendent's  House.     This  Design  Contains  Rooms  for  Workers  and 

Screened  Porches  Adapted  for  Emergency  Housing.      First  Floor 

Plan  Shown  Below,  Second  Shown  Above. 


Seventeen 


HOUSING 


Reproduced  by  Permission  Agricultural  Engineering  Section,  Iowa  Experiment  Station,  Ames,  Iowa. 

Nine  Room  Cottage 
First  Floor  Plan  Shown  Below,  Second  Shown  Above. 


Eighteen 


FARM  HELP 

"Cross  ventilation  as  direct  as  possible  to  be  provided  all  rooms 
through  windows,  transoms,  or  doors;  communicating  door  recom- 
mended between  bedrooms  in  row  houses." 

"Every  bath  room  to  have  a  window  of  not  less  than  6  square  feet 
in  area  opening  directly  to  the  outer  air." 

"Every  water  closet  compartment  to  have  a  window  of  not  less 
than  4J/2  square  feet  in  area  opening  directly  to  the  outer  air." 

"Windows.  Minimum  area  to  be  measured  between  stop  beads. 
Window  head  to  be  as  near  ceiling  as  practicable.  Windows  may  be 
double-hung,  pivoted  or  casement.  If  double-hung,  upper  and  lower 
sash  to  be  the  same  size." 

"Window  frames  to  be  designed  to  accommodate  screens  and  out- 
side shutters.  In  cold  climates,  weather  strips  are  recommended." 

"Heating.  Provision  to  be  made  for  heating  houses.  If  not  other- 
wise heated,  bath  room  to  be  heated  from  kitchen  stove." 

"Rooms.  Height  of.  Minimum  8  feet.  Sloping  ceilings  and 
'Knee  walls'  will  be  accepted  only  under  the  following  conditions.  Roof 
space  above  flat  portion  of  ceiling  to  be  of  ample  size  and  adequately 
ventilated;  spaces  between  rafters  of  sloping  portion  to  be  adequately 
ventilated;  bed  room  to  have  greater  window  area  and  better  cross 
ventilation  than  the  minimum  permissible  for  a  standard  flat-ceiling 
room;  bed  room  to  have  a  minimum  height  of  8  feet  over  an  area  of  at 
least  40  square  feet  with  a  minimum  flat-ceiling  width  of  3J/2  feet,  and 
a  clear  height  of  not  less  than  6  feet  over  an  area  of  at  least  80  square 
feet  with  a  minimum  width  of  7  feet." 

"Rooms  in  Attic.  As  a  rule,  in  21/2  story  houses,  only  one  bed 
room  to  be  provided  in  the  attic." 

"Rooms,  Size  of.  One  large  bed  room  to  be  provided,  size  10  by 
12  to  12  by  14  feet." 

"Small  bed  rooms,  minimum  size,  80  square  feet,  minimum  width 
7  feet." 

"Parlor.      1  0  by  1  2  to  1  2  by  1  4  feet." 

"Dining  Room.     9  by  1  2  to  1  2  by  1  4  feet." 

"Kitchen.  (Where  there  is  no  separate  dining  room),  10  by  12 
to  12  by  14  feet." 

Climatic  The  farm  house  must  of  necessity  adapt  itself  to  meet 

Conditions.  the  climatic  conditions  of  the  place  in  which  it  is  located. 
In  the  Southern  states  a  more  open  type  should  be  used 
with  attached  sleeping  porches  enclosed  by  screens  and  a  one-story 
kitchen,  better  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  house,  thus  preventing  heat 
from  making  rooms  in  the  main  portion  of  the  house  uncomfortable  in 
extreme  warm  weather. 

Carefully        The  selection  of  a  site  upon  which  to  locate  a  farm  tenant 
Selected  house  or  one  for  farm  help  is  of  primary  importance.     The 

Location.  location  should  be  carefully  considered  as  to  sunlight  and 
shade,  health  and  sanitation,  and  the  rooms  should  be 
located  in  such  a  way  as  to  take  the  best  advantage  of  the  points  of  the 
compass,  prevailing  winds,  etc.  A  dry  location  on  an  elevation  with 
well  drained  land  sloping  away  in  as  many  directions  as  possible  is  most 
desirable  if  not  located  too  far  from  the  barns. 

Nineteen 


HOUSING 


Alfred  Hopkins,  Architect,  New  York  City. 
Men's  Boarding  House.     Hon.  Medill  McCormick's  Farm,  Byron,  Illinois. 

Sleeping  In  the  North,  sleeping  porches  are  not  a  necessity  but  at 
Porches.  the  same  time  are  in  vogue  as  it  is  considered  healthful  to 
sleep  out  of  doors  all  the  year  round.  As  a  wag  once 
said,  "in  the  old  days  the  toilet  facilities  were  out  of  doors  and  we 
slept  in  the  house,  but  now  we  sleep  out  of  doors  and  have  brought  the 
toilet  facilities  inside."  This  is  quite  true,  but  with  advancing  ideas  for 
health  and  convenience  modern  developments  have  brought  about  these 
changes. 

Heat  from  A  kitchen  located  in  the  main  house  especially  in  the  North, 
Kitchen.  often  furnishes  enough  heat  from  the  stove  in  the  early  fall 
to  obviate  the  necessity  of  starting  any  other  heater  or 
furnace  until  the  weather  becomes  more  severe,  and  even  in  the  coldest 
of  weather  takes  the  chill  off  adjoining  rooms  and  frequently  is  the  only 
means  of  keeping  bed  rooms  above  it  at  a  comfortably  warm  temper- 
ature. The  kitchen  stove  should  be  located  against  an  interior  wall. 

Camp  Mr.  Leifur  Magnusson  in  an  article  in  the   "Review  of  the 

Housing.  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics,"  May  1918,  treats  of  the 
essential  needs  of  agricultural  camp  housing  relating  more 
particularly  to  the  seasonable  or  migratory  labor  supply.  He  suggests 
that  this  type  of  worker  common  to  large  farms  and  plantations  may  be 
billeted  in  nearby  towns  or  in  portable  houses  which  can  be  moved  about 
from  place  to  place.  He  says  that  "persons  actually  in  touch  with  the 

Twenty 


FARM  HELP 


Carnation  Milk  Products  Company,  Oconomowoc,  Wisconsin. 
Bunk  House  at  Right  Housing  Eighteen  Men.     Housekeeper  Boards  Men  and  Lives  in  House  at  Left. 


situation  are  convinced  that  much  of  the  trouble  in  holding  labor  on 
large  farms  is  due  to  a  lack  of  proper  housing  for  them,  while  those  who 
have  adequately  housed  their  tenants  or  seasonal  labor  are  convinced 
of  the  advantages  gained." 

Government  The  Division  of  Rural  Engineering  of  the  United  States 
Distributes  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington  has  prepared 

Plans.  plans  of  moderate  cost  farm  houses  copies  of  which  are 

sent  out  upon  application.  The  plans  are  most  com- 
plete, with  working  drawings  giving  sizes  of  timbers,  location  and  sizes 
of  doors  and  windows,  etc.,  and  suggest  a  modest  type  of  design  for  the 
exterior. 


Government  It  is  intended  by  the  Division  of  Rural  Engineering  to 
Investigation,  make  these  plans  as  complete  as  possible.  The  farmer 
may  use  them  as  they  are,  but  should  he  desire,  he  may 
change  the  design  and  arrangement  to  suit  any  particular  hobby  or  need. 
The  fundamental  ideas  used  in  these  drawings  are  a  result  of  careful 
investigation  and  study  on  the  part  of  the  Department,  the  first  floor 
plan  of  which  appears  by  permission  on  page  seven. 

Twenty-one 


HOUSING 


Alfred  Hopkins,  Architect,  New  York  City. 

Men's  Cottage.     Estate  of  Geo.  S.  Brewster,  Brookville,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. 


Increase  Every  means  possible  should  be  introduced  into  farming 

Production.  to  increase  production  of  all  farm  products  and  better 
living  conditions  for  the  help  is  one  of  the  greatest 
factors  toward  this  end.  Educational  helps  published  by  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  other  sources  are  procurable 
through  County  Agents,  District  Offices,  Agricultural  Colleges  and  other 
agencies  and  should  be  made  available  for  the  men,  giving  them  the 
proper  directions  and  means  whereby  to  improve  and  increase  produc- 
tion and  interest  them  in  becoming  real  farmers  and  not  to  be  satisfied 
with  being  mere  help. 


European        We  find  in  various  localities  developments  of  ideas  brought 
Ideas.  to  this  country  from  Europe  which  are  interesting  but  vary 

considerably  from  our  oWn.  Belgians,  who  have  settled 
in  sections  of  the  northern  central  states,  place  their  kitchens  at  the  front 
of  the  house,  as  in  this  room  these  thrifty  people  pass  the  greater  part 
of  their  time  at  work  or  attending  to  the  needs  and  wants  of  the  family. 
Being  at  the  front  of  the  house  saves  many  steps  during  the  day  and 
makes  the  kitchen-dining  room  the  living  room  for  the  family  and 
visitors. 

Twenty-two 


FARM  HELP 


Farm  Cottage  at  "Lakewood,"  near  Holland,  Michigan,  Owned  by  Geo.  F.  Getz. 


The  Farmer's    The  many   small   details  which   go   to   make   up   a  well 
House.  appointed  farm  house  are  not  always  considered  in  pro- 

viding accommodations  for  farm  help  and  are,  there- 
fore, not  discussed  at  length  in  this  booklet  but  will  be  found  described 
in  our  booklet  "Farm  Houses"  in  our  "Better  Buildings"  series.  These 
constitute  water  supply  (soft,  hard,  hot  and  cold),  power,  light,  heat, 
sewerage,  refrigeration,  wood  boxes,  laundry  tubs,  vegetable  cellars,  fruit 
cupboards  and  slides  from  dining  room  to  pantry,  and  many  more  de- 
tails. A  copy  of  the  above  mentioned  booklet  will  be  of  value  as  a 
supplement  to  this  one. 


Build  It  has  been  the  intention  here  to  outline  the  necessity  for 

Better  more  and  better  houses  for  farm  help  and  display  a  suffi- 

Homes.  cient  number  of  plans  from  which  the  farmer  may  select 

such  as  may  suit  his  individual  needs.  The  National  Lum- 
ber Manuacturers  Association  is  ready  to  assist  further  in  supplying 
special  information  and  data  to  those  who  may  be  interested  in  this 
most  important  and  timely  subject. 


Twenty-three 


HOUSING  FARM  HELP 


Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood. 

Drove  of  Herefords  on  Texas  Ranch,     Bunk  Houses  for  the  Men  in  the  Distance. 

Twenty-jour 


Schedule  of  Material  For  Any  Modest 
Farm  Cottage: 

Posts. 
Sills. 

Joists  and   Bridging. 
Studding. 
Plates. 
Rafters. 

Sheathing,  Paper  and  Felt. 
Shingles  or  Siding. 
Flooring,  Rough  and  Finished. 
Interior  Window  and   Door  Frames. 
Cornices. 

Other  Exterior  Mouldings. 
Gable  Finish. 

Attic  Ventilators  and  Door  Casing. 
Interior  Ventilators  and  Door  Casing. 
Ceilings. 

Base  and  Quarter  Round. 
Closet  and  Pantry  Finish. 
Exterior  Window  and  Door  Frames. 
Exterior  and  Interior  Panel  Doors. 
Windows  and  Glass. 
Steps  and  Stairs. 
Porches. 
Screens. 

Door  and  Window  Hangings. 
Weight  Cords  and  Locks. 
Nails  and  Hardware. 
Valley  Tin,  Gutters  and  Spouts. 
Lath  and  Plastering,  Wall  Board  or  Sheathing. 
Paint,   Putty  and  Shingle  Stain. 

Additional  items  to  be  considered  are : 

Excavation. 

Masonry  and  Brick  Work. 

Iron   Work. 

Plumbing  and  Gas  Fitting. 

Heating  and  Electric  Wiring. 

Grates  and  Mantels. 

Grading  and  Sodding. 

Sewerage  and  Cartage. 

Walks  and  Drives. 

Gas  and  Electric  Fixtures. 

This  schedule  of  material  will  act  as  an  aid  to  the  farmer  in 
ordering  and  checking  up  materials  necessary  to  complete  any 
modest  cottage  for  farm  help. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY, 
BERKELEY 

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•  SO  is: 


15m-12,'24 


nwtwillUU  III 

Pamphlet 

Binder 
Gaylord  Bros. 

Makers 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

PAT.  JAN  21,  1908 


^95953 


Vj  • 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


